Affirmative Action Free Essays

Affirmative action is a platform that was established by the government as a set of laws and policies for preventing discrimination against individuals. It was for the purpose of offering equal opportunities for employment, education, and business. Several of our formal Presidents has signed executive orders that was meant for all hiring to be equal regardless of race, color, or national origin with all government contractors and the other specifically for associations which received federal contracts and subcontracts eliminating discrimination within the workforce towards individuals centered on their race, color, religion, and national origin. We will write a custom essay sample on Affirmative Action or any similar topic only for you Order Now Later the affirmative action was modified to include no discriminating against one’s sex. Affirmative action also established preferential handling for minorities and women in the hiring process and the chance to receive a higher education. Affirmative action holds private employers accountable as well.During the Civil Rights movement, affirmation action was a tool that proposed opportunities for women and minorities and to provide equality for them. There are noted changes in how colleges recruit and enroll students, housing and also how using public transportation where now blacks can sit anywhere since Rosa Parks. Since affirmative action was primarily intended on improving chances for African Americans in employment and education, but there is still a low percentage of improvement that is why an executive order was signed and it required all government and private industry jobs to increase the number of women, disable individuals and minorities to either receive employment or to have the ability to gain an education or have additional training for work enhancement. There are numerous organization that uses affirmative action and equal employment opportunity policies within their business structure there is still a controversy today surrounding these issues. Are the equal employment opportunity and affirmative action policies have the same meaning? Let’s talk about equal employment opportunity first, the definition is that it bans all types of discrimination. This means that no matter the race, or gender everyone has the same chance of obtaining and getting promotions as well as training within the workforce. Whereas, affirmative action focus on past discrimination acts which were meant to give women, disabled individuals, and the minorities an equal footing in gaining employment and a higher education.It was to create equality between the workers and employers however it has caused extra adversity in the workforce. Because many believed that jobs held by whites were being jeopardized. Has affirmative action been consistently and effectively used to create a more robust and productive workforce? I would say yes; affirmative action has made it possible for many to see and earn their desired goals such as their life dreams. I feel that there are still many obstacles but if one applies themselves there are no limitations. Barak Obama was our nation’s first black President and there are many who hold prominent leadership roles that also includes women. Recently in the news, it was announced that the FBI, for the first time in history that there may be a woman heading this department.Though affirmative action has come along way there are those who still discriminate and don’t offer equal chances for others to succeed. Affirmative action has allowed the workforce to become more diverse in races, genders, and cultures. We must remember that the affirmative action is not about letting minorities to get into college or to get a job, but it’s about giving qualified individuals no matter their race a chance that they may not get otherwise.In conclusion has affirmative action been consistently and effectively used to create a more robust and productive workforce? I would say yes it has worked extremely well. I hope to see it continue because there are many more who could benefit from this program. How to cite Affirmative Action, Papers Affirmative Action Free Essays As much as we desire diversity, it will not occur if left to chance. We educate ourselves when we learn to interact with people of different colors and nationalities. During the last election, the majority of Americans voted for an African American President. We will write a custom essay sample on Affirmative Action or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why then do we continue to use affirmative action to fight inequality? It is not so easy to wipe away centuries of inferiority, shame, and scars, by simply anointing one minority to the highest position in the land. It will take positive steps to increase the representation of minorities in the areas of employment and education. One of the disadvantages of affirmative action is bypassing the very people that the program was designed to help because it was created on the basis of race not socioeconomic preferences, a failure that has undermined the nature of equality. The criticism that affirmative action is an unfair reward given to minority students because of their skin color, points to one of the disadvantages of ending affirmative action, which begs to ask if the end actually justifies the meanns. However, if skin color is used to discriminate against African Americans, then the same skin color must be used to level the playing field, and give African Americans a better shot at the American Dream. For African Americans to achieve this dream, the myths about affirmative action must be dispelled. One of the most controversial issues about affirmative action is the argument that the program uses quotas. According to Ethnic Majority (2012) â€Å"Affirmative action programs should: a) verify that inequities exist, b) set goals to eliminate the inequities, c) set timetables to meet the goals, d) disband the program after the goals are met.† If a company like Verizon for example, knows it has huge disparity between African Americans and the general population in its workforce, then the company may use affirmative action in its recruiting efforts to identify how many African Americans to hire, and then determine the levels and timeframe to hire them. Glazer, N. (1973) states â€Å"Goals or targets must be set on the basis of an estimate of the relevant labor pool for each underutilized group. † Opponents of affirmative action may argue that Verizon is setting a goal, and thereby instituting a quota. If that were true, Verizon would have to mandate that Call Center Supervisor jobs must go to African Americans or a specific number of African Americans must be hired, for that would be instituting a quota. What any company should do is comply with the affirmative action programs through its efforts more so than its results. Using affirmative action to set goals and target is not the same as using it as a quota. Affirmative action also has one important objective, to equalize opportunities in a system rive with inequality. Opponents of affirmative action calls it reversed discrimination. According to Kangas, S. (n. d. ), â€Å"those who use the term â€Å"reversed discrimination â€Å"are actually engaging in moral absolutism, a completely unworkable concept that has never been practiced by any society in history. † Steve Kangas has a compelling argument. Let us suppose that the government pass a law that no one person can forcefully take a property from the possession of another. However, one day, a person goes to a neighbor’s house with a gun and forcefully takes the property of his neighbor. Having identified the culprit, the neighbor called the police. The person who took the property refuses to give it back, whereupon the police pull their guns to forcefully retrieve the property. It would be illogical for the person who took the property from his neighbor to claim that the police broke the law for forcefully removing the property from his possession. Conversely, it is not reversed discrimination to seek to reconcile the injustices and terrible atrocities that include slavery and the refusal of the rights of women and minorities to vote.  (Kangas, S. n. d. ). It is like saying that the person who forcefully removes his neighbor’s property can evoke moral absolutism in order to avoid giving it up. The same logic makes the reversed discrimination argument invalid because correcting injustice is neither immoral nor against the law. The question of fairness is what makes affirmation action controversial. The program suffers a setback when the Supreme Court ruled against using race to integrate schools in Parents v Seattle and Meredith v Jefferson cases. A bitterly divided court did rule 5-4, â€Å"that programs in Seattle and Louisville, Ky. , which tried to maintain diversity in schools by considering race when assigning students to schools, are unconstitutional† (Yardley, W. and Lewin, T. , n. d. ). In spite of this setback, both sides of this argument have yet to answer all the important questions surrounding fairness. Education is the primary means of upward social mobility in America, and the fact that its costs have skyrocketed to such unprecedented levels means that only a select few can afford such a  luxury. (Larity, 2010). If on the basis two applicants, one white and one black, both applying for one job, or a place in college, should the black applicant’s race be used as one of the factors in his favor? What about that white person? Would he not be denied a job or a place in college if the black applicant’s race were used as a decisive factor? These are deeply troubling questions, and of all minorities, African Americans are acutely sensitive to them, having lived through difficult conditions, and denied equal rights for over 300 years.† In 1896 the Supreme Court sanctioned legal separation of the races by its ruling in H. A. Plessy v. J. H. Ferguson, which held that separate but equal facilities did not violate the U. S. Constitution’s Fourteenth Amendment† (Library of Congress, n. d. ). President Johnson in his commencement speech in 1965 said that equality of opportunity required more than simply ending discrimination. He felt that affirmative action could be interpreted in such a way that it would assure equality.  (Affirmative Action, n. d. ). Affirmative action might be seen as injustice to some, but the absence of fairness is in itself, an injustice to those who have been denied equality for so long. Through affirmative action, public policies and practices were designed to increase the presence of minorities in the competition of life where they have been historically excluded. The forbiddance of education for African Americans had deep roots in American history. In Virginia for example, the 1847 Virginia Criminal Code forbid any white person to assemble Negros for the purpose instructing them to read or write, an infraction that was punishable by confinement in jail and monetary fine. It was under this code that Margaret Douglass, of Norfolk, Virginia, a former slaveholder, â€Å"was arrested, imprisoned, and fined when authorities discovered that she was teaching â€Å"free colored children† of the Christ’s Church Sunday school to read and write† (Library of Congress, n. d. ). Many U. S. Presidents have weighed in and put their stamps on the issues surrounding affirmation action. In 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt issued an Executive Order to remove discrimination of African-Americans in the employment opportunities. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy passed Executive Order to provide indiscriminate employment opportunities and equal treatment of the employees, irrespective of a person’s race, color, origin, and creed. In 1971, President Richard Nixon gave the contractors of construction industries, incentive to hire minority. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan, passed an Executive Order to implement Minority Business Enterprise development. In 1995, President Bill Clinton, declared his full support for affirmative action by restoring economic opportunity. In 2000, President George W. Bush said that using race to include or exclude people from higher education†¦ is divisive. However, the Supreme Court gave its support to the issue of compensation for past discrimination in university admissions and declared it, constitutional. (Brunner, B. , n. d. ). In spite of the efforts by former U. S. Presidents to influence affirmative action during their terms in office, the program continues to go through many radical changes, and today, opponents believe that it is time the affirmative action law changed. The proponents of affirmative action made a mistake by simply focusing on race than the disadvantages of the program. If an institution that uses affirmative action cannot claim to bring white, black, and other minority students to the same leveled playing field, then the institution is simply creating a system that is solely depended on racial categories. Even Dr. Martin Luther King understood the disadvantages of today’s affirmative action when he said, â€Å"Many white workers whose economic condition is not too far removed from the economic condition of his black brother will find it difficult to accept special consideration to the Negro in the context of unemployment, joblessness, etc. and does not take into sufficient account their plight (that of the white worker)† (Larity, 2010). Another disadvantage that is often not talked about is instituting a program like affirmation that is based on race rather than socioeconomic level of all applicants. This has given the wealthy among the minorities an opportunity to exploit the program. A minority student who comes for a wealthy family takes advantage of the program because of race, and thereby splitting up the minority population as a wealthy minority student rise higher in the social ranks, than a poor minority student who slips further into abject poverty. (Larity, 2010). The losers of course are the forgotten poor white students who face similar difficulties in employment and education inherent in poverty, and are yet they received no help because of race. Dr.  Martin Luther King said it best, â€Å"It is a simple matter of justice that America, in dealing creatively with the task of raising the Negro from backwardness, should also be rescuing a large stratum of the forgotten white poor. † (Larity, 2010). For this reason, many white parents and supporters of affirmative have joined other less privileged minorities in a match to Washington to support affirmative action. (See Appendix 1). Opponents of affirmative action may argue that the goals of affirmative action have been met, and the time has come to disband the program and change the law. After all, an African American has achieved the ultimate or intended goal of the affirmative action program. The assertions that the current leader of the free world, President Obama was admitted to Columbia University despite undistinguished grades, became a U. S. Senator despite a mediocre record in Illinois, and was given a free pass in 2008 when he became the first African American President because American people wanted to bring historical diversity to the position (Education News, n. d. ) are utterly without merit disingenuous. It is true that under the constitution, equal protection is guaranteed for all citizens. Where the issue lies is the distinction that is based on race, and programs that critics of affirmation believe cannot pass constitutional muster until â€Å"the identified interest is served with the least harm to those who have not suffered discrimination† (Richardson, A. 2008). President Clinton once stated that affirmative action should not go on forever. In his remark, he suggested that we determine â€Å"what affirmative action is and what it isn’t† (Affirmative Action, 1995). Minorities have, for so long, been considered inferior and less capable than their white counterparts have. Affirmative action program afforded African Americans the opportunity to prove that given a chance, they were just as capable, and a young black man from Hawaii can in fact become the leader of the free world. That is what affirmative action is. What it is not, is the argument that affirmative action had nothing to do with Colin Power and Barack Obama achieving their respective positions. The point that should not be missed is that affirmative action made it possible to change stereotypes, and will continue to change as long as the program is not completely changed. The solution to the affirmative action problem will only be found when we come to the realization that it is not an issue of race, but rather an issue of class. Universities are not racist – their eagerness to comply with the directives of affirmative action clearly demonstrates this fact. by instituting a program of socioeconomic affirmative action, we will be aiding great numbers of poor minorities (whose poverty, not race, puts them at a disadvantage),  and at the same time we shall extend this aid to the hordes of poor white people who have been neglected, as well. Unless action is taken and affirmative action programs are altered to work on the basis of socioeconomic level, America’s poor – black, white, and Latino alike – will continue to be denied the means of upward mobility It is true today that an African American man called Barack Obama sits in the oval office, and he even nominated an opponent of different race that he narrowly defeated to a cabinet position. Given the pervasiveness of racial discrimination, a white man applying for a job, or a place in college, may not have engaged in any racial prejudice in his life. Although, he may be unaware of it, but by dints of his color, he has enjoyed a social, economic, and psychological advantage that has given him a head start in the competition of life. Politicians and the court must not depart from their earlier position of support for affirmative employment and admission. Sometimes resistance to discrimination takes so many forms that only rigid numerical rule like affirmative action can overcome it. If given the opportunity, children of color are capable of achieving their individual goals, not by receiving inferior education in public schools that are poorly funded, but by giving them the opportunity to compete on a level playing field with their privileged counterparts. It is clear that ethnic minorities are significantly under represented at selective institutions, and that something must be done to change this. However, it also holds true that to give an advantage to one student over another simply on the basis of race undermines the very nature of equality. When examined from this perspective, it appears that this controversy will never be decided to everyone’s satisfaction. Removing racial barriers to educational opportunities can only increase equity in education. Affirmative action is a tool that must be used to, not only achieve equal opportunity, but more importantly, to attain diversity. How to cite Affirmative Action, Papers Affirmative Action Free Essays Affirmative action is a practice that is intended to promote opportunities for the â€Å"protected class† which includes minorities, woman, and people with disabilities or any disadvantaged group for that matter. With affirmative action in place people of this protected class are given an even playing field in terms of hiring, promotion, as well as compensation. Historically, affirmative action is only known to have protected African Americans and woman; however that is not the case. We will write a custom essay sample on Affirmative Action or any similar topic only for you Order Now Affirmative action protects a variety of people and without this statute many people included in this protected class would be unfairly discriminated against. There are many reasons why affirmative action should continue to be a part of workplace such as: †¢Fosters diversity. †¢Educates our workforce on diversity. †¢Equips employees to achieve their highest contribution to the mission. †¢Challenges employees to make their maximum contribution to the mission. †¢Encourages employees to offer differing views and suggestions toward achieving organizational goals. †¢Respects and appreciates individual differences. †¢Provides equitable treatment and opportunities. †¢Creates and maintains an inclusive approach to all systems, policies, and practices (i. . , promotions, performance ratings, awards, training, assignments, and access to services). †¢Facilitates culture change to support wider diversity. People who are opposed to affirmative action often argue that it gives an unfair advantage to any member of this protected class; however that is far from the case. Affirmative action programs do not give racial preferences nor create quotas. In fact affirmative action programs are flexible therefore creating a legitimate selection process in the hiring aspect of the workplace. Although not in the workplace, an example of a flexible affirmative action program was seen at Ohio State University where they adopted the 10 percent rule. This rule admits students who are in the top 10% of their high school graduating class. Doing so allows colleges to take minorities who excel in marginal urban schools. This is a very legal way in ensuring minorities an even playing field (Campus that Looks like America). Because of the effectiveness of affirmative action other statues have been put into place to ensure that other members of this protected class are not getting discriminated against such as the Rehabilitation Act. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which makes it unlawful for certain employers to discriminate against a qualified individual exclusively by reason of her or his disability. The Rehabilitation Act does not specifically address medical inquiries, although it provides that the judicial standards used to determine whether an employer has unlawfully discriminated shall be the standards applied under the ADA. This is merely one of many statutes that were created as a part of affirmative action to promote equal employment. Clearly, with all of the mandates that were branched off of affirmative action the need for this program in the workplace is vital. Affirmative action promotes diversity which is known to be a vital part of any company’s success. Many companies even the U. S Government pride their selves on diversity and use various affirmative action programs to achieve such a company culture. For example the U. S. Census Bureau recently conducted a case study regarding the issue of diversity. The Census Bureau defines adversity as the all of the ways in which we differ. Among these dimensions are race, gender, age, disability, religion, sexual orientation and child/elder care responsibilities. The United States Government in acted a program within the Census Bureau in 1994 under the leadership of President Clinton, in hopes that he could build â€Å"a government that looks like America. † Further, he stated that: â€Å"Diversity transcends race and gender, affirmative action and Equal Employment Opportunity. It must encompass a fundamental appreciation of one another and a respect for both our similarities and our differences. It must include a heartfelt respect in attitude and in behavior towards those of different race, gender, age, sexual orientation, ethnicity and those with disabilities — all the facets that make each individual the unique and precious resource that each of us is. † In conclusion affirmative action is a vital part of society because it gives everyone a fair opportunity succeed regardless of race, gender, ethnicity or background. It also provides diversity in the workplace which will accurately reflects the community. . â€Å" Works Cited Merritt, J. (2002, March 10). Wanted: A Campus That Looks Like America – Businessweek. Businessweek – Business News, Stock Market Financial Advice. Retrieved September 4, 2012, from http://www. businessweek. com/stories/2002-03-10/wanted-a-campus-that-looks-like-america Jacobs, Roger. â€Å"Disability Discrimination, Reasonable Accommodation, and the Modified Commute. † 36. 4 (2011): 59-68. Print. Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO): Policy Statements. (n. d. ). Census Bureau Homepage. Retrieved September 10, 2012, from http://www. census. gov/eeo/policy_statements/ Why Affirmative Action is Necessary in the Workplace Lawrence Smith James Lee Andrea Willis How to cite Affirmative Action, Papers Affirmative Action Free Essays â€Å"An action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education† – affirmative action, also commonly referred to as the paradox positive discrimination. 1 Affirmative action was designed as a temporary measure to insure a â€Å"leveled playing field† for all Americans specifically minorities and women. The affirmative action measure was created to be a catalyst in ending racial and gender discrimination in the workplace and was to be retracted once the presumable â€Å"playing field† was leveled. We will write a custom essay sample on Affirmative Action or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, through various flaws and shortcomings in the policy, it grew into a form of reverse discrimination where individuals that were well qualified for positions were turned down in lieu of minorities. When it was created, the affirmative action policy was a necessary step in insuring equality for all, but twenty-first century America has many restrictions and guidelines to prevent employers from discriminating against someone based on their race, gender, religion and national origin, proving affirmative action to be irrelevant. The essayist chose this topic because of her interest in the diversity of America’s current workforce. After various courses in economics as well as a course on public policy she became interested in programs designed to enhance social welfare in the United States of America. Also with growing concerns of immigration and the dwindling of whites as a majority in the United States, the topic of changes in the American workforce are sure to arise. The idea of affirmative action has drawn many supporting and opposing views since President John F. Kennedy first introduced it 1961 with the Executive Order number 10925. The order commanded all federal contractors (the public sector) to take â€Å"affirmative action to ensure that applicants are treated equally without regard to race, color, religion, sex or national origin. 2 As years went on, the progressive Civil Rights’ movement evolved the idea of affirmative action and called for it to encompass all public and private sectors in the United States. Affirmative action had many supporters including the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission that was created to insure equal opportunity in the workplace for all Americans. The idea of positive discrimination was rejected in the 1978 landmark court case Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, where the United States Supreme Court ruled that race could not be used as an admission standard to a university and â€Å"disadvantaged minority students† were not permitted to have admission spots reserved for them. Supporters of affirmative action believe that aiding those who have been historically disadvantage will insure the end of the cycle of poverty and call for a justified wealth distribution throughout the United States. It is statically proven that on average, minorities are less wealthy than whites. 4 Statistics also prove that individuals in low-income households are less likely to receive a college education therefore making them unqualified for most jobs in America’s current workforce. This cycle continues as these unqualified workers who were not able to get high paying jobs have children who are subsequently born into low-income households. In order for this cycle to discontinue, a policy should be put in place that will provide them an advantage over the wealthy white job seekers; the affirmative action policy provides this advantage. Sacrificing the well being of white males for a short period of time in order to catapult minorities and women into becoming qualified employees is a belief that many supporters of affirmative action hope for. Although the affirmative action policy was meant to be a temporary aid, a decade after it was created it morphed into a hypocritical attempt to fix a solution. College students from St. Norbert College, believe that â€Å"[it‘s] really justifying racism by it’s own actions. Its policies totally judge people solely on skin color and gender. That is discrimination in itself. †6 Those in opposition of affirmative action believe that it is not fair to discriminate against someone that has worked hard to become qualified for a job position. They believe that other programs such as scholarships and extra tutoring programs for the underprivileged are better solutions to solving inequality in the workplace. Once minorities become equally educated and acquire skills for jobs in today’s workforce, they will inherently level the playing field on their own. The issue of affirmative action has acquired many praises and oppositions. From when it was enacted over fifty years ago, it has transformed into a controversial subject. Although this topic was more relevant during the period of the Civil Right’s Movement, it has recently gained momentum with the growing minority population. How to cite Affirmative Action, Papers

Mikayla Clements Essay Example For Students

Mikayla Clements Essay Philosophy 115 April 8, 2017 Violation of Nonhumane Entitlements due toCaptivity It is said that to protectwildlife, we need to be educated about the wildlife that inhabits our planet. As humans,we put exotic animals, aquatic and terrestrial, in zoos or aquariums where people can go to see them to learn more about themtoprotect them. It just so happens that,by putting these animals into captivity, we are causing more damage to them, just as damage is occurring in the wild and more species are becoming extinct. Animals should not be held in captivity; this deprives them of living decent and dignified lives. The first zoo in the United States was established in 1874 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Philadelphia zoo first only had 813 animals but has grown today to have 1,300 animals, still having the same forty-two acres as it did when it first opened. Today there are zoos in almost every major city across the country and even more around the world. But along with zoos, thereare mar ine parks and aquariums (National Geographic). The most famous marine park is SeaWorld, which has three different locations in the nation: Orlando, San Diego and San Antonio. Zoos and aquariums were first brought about to learn about the species that we live with on this planet, tobe educated about the wild creatures who are so different from ourselves. Zoos and the caging of wild animalshave been around for centuries. There is evidence from Egypt of rulers having wild animals as pets, locking them in cages.Today, zoos are used for education to teach people about wild animals so that we canlearn ways to conserve the planet and the animals habitats,toprevent more animals from becoming extinct. Due to humans killing animals, loss of habitat and global warming, more and more species have been going extinct. The goal of every zoo, aquarium, reserve, and marine park is to bring awareness of the need that the wildlifeneedssaving(National Geographic). Most extinctions are caused by humans . With our ever-growing need to explore the planet, we have taken control of numerous species habitats and thus they die offsincethey have nowhere to go and are unable to adapt to new environments. Wars we have waged have also destroyed habitats, not to mention the hunting and poaching that occurs for furs, tusks, and other animal parts that can potentially be bought for a lot of money.According to Maratha Nussbaums Capabilities approachanimals are entitled to a flourishing life anddignified life.By destroying their habitats this is a direct violation of their entitlements such ascontrol over onesenviroment.Nussbaum discusses thatwe should have respect for animals habitats whether that is domestic or in the wild. (Nussbaum 400).Atzoosor animal parks, you will hear the staff talking about conservation of wildlife numerous times because that is their overall message they are trying to reach people. They are trying to educate peopleso they can save these animals.(Gruen132-140)For examp le, at SeaWorld, before watching the whale show, they give a presentation about how whales need to be preserved, saying that we should save the oceans so that the orca species can live on for many years to come. But whatdo whales jumping out of a poolhavedo with saving the oceans? Scientists, zoologists, and the staff at zoos all agree that by keeping species in captivity, the species is benefiting from it. For some species, captivity is the only reason why their species is surviving. For example, thenumberof tigers that are owned by private individuals is much higher than the population of tigers that are in the wild (Mason et al115-1125). Thisloss ofpopulation is due to destruction of habitat and hunting of the tigers for their fur. Having a higher population in captivity is not only true for tigers but also for the golden coin turtles, Asian elephants, and orangutans. Some of the animals kept in zoos and reserves are those who are not able to be released back into the wild after being rescued from poaching or have diseases. Because of this, places like the Taman Safari in Indonesia was founded so these animals can live free in their natural habitat without having to deal with the poachers. Jenna Watts, from CNN, says in her article Are animals in cages a necessary evil? that the animals in places like the Taman Safari are ambassadors of their kind. She says that if more people learn about these animals that they will be more likely to want to save them, not kill them or destroy their habitat. However, ABC News reports that while Adam Roberts, senior vice president of the animal protection advocacy group Born Free USA, was on Good Morning America, he said that Youre not getting the right education about what animals are like in the wild. Thats why we believe that you should keep wildlife in the wild. Thats best for animals and its best for the people. Were not getting benefit form zoo-going or from circus-going, and more importantly, as you unfortunately ha ve seen recently, there is the potential for attack,(Should Animals Be Held in Captivity?). Roberts was referencing to the tiger attack that had occurred recently at the time in San Francisco, where a tiger killed a seventeen-year-old boy, after the tiger had scaled twenty-foot tall wall to get to him. When in captivity, the animals are with humans all the time. They are fed by them, see the veterinarians, enclosures cleaned by them, and sometimes if born in captivity are raised byhumans. Due to this, these animals are not scared of humans, they work with humans non-stop in captivity and can be potentially dangerous when they get curious and decide to attack a human. A tiger for example that was raised in captivityand around humans,may believe that they are just playing with a zookeeper or a visitor but playing to them, may be killing to a human.Thisis a perfect example relatingto Nussbaum and the capabilitiesapproachregarding play,animalshave theright participate in play. However, this play can be detrimental to humans and the animals because animals willoften get punished forplay (Nussbaum 400).Theseanimals that attack humans are often put down because they are too dangerous to be around humans. How is euthanizing an animal supposed to saveitsspecies from extinction? If the animal was never in captivity in the first place, it would have been in the wild, away from humans and no chance in attacking a human with theconsequence of being put down. It is also believed that the breeding programs are keeping the species alive because they do not allow inbreeding whereas in the wildthe population is dwindling, they are mating with relatives since there is such a small selection for mates. This is causing mutations and diseases in the species just as it would if humans were to inbreed. Zoos all over the world have breeding programs that are trying to keep each species alive for more years to come. For the tigers, the Taman Safari is the number one breeding program, its goal is to keep the remaining six types of tigers from extinction, and two types have already been extinct. There are also programs for other animals such as the ones at SeaWorld for orcas and dolphins. Even though they are doing this amazing work by trying to keep the species alive, it doesnt mean that these animals should be kept in cages their entire lives. Yes, it is wonderful that they take in wounded and diseased animals to save them, but a cage or enclosure is not where they belong.We cannot fully understand an animals experience because we have not livedit, therefore we cannot speak for them (Prade330).They belong in their natural habitat; it is not beneficial for animals to be kept in captivity, there are consequences of animals living lives in captivity. Sandel explains Aristotles telosor the purposein hisbookJustice: whats the right thing to do?This is afascinating point because Aristotle would pose the question, what is the purpose of nonhumane animals?This question needs to beevaluatedbecauseif we do not know the purpose of nonhumane animals how can we appropriately examine their entitlements? There is more risk for the animals to get new disease due to being in environments that they are not naturally in. An animal that originates in Africa is susceptible to a disease that is only in North America while living in a zoo because its immune system does not have the genes to defend against this disease, it has also never been around the disease so their bodies cannot build up immunity to the disease. Not only new diseases, but diseases that the species would normally be immune to in the wild, the ones in captivity have shown to get these diseases more often. Most of these immunities are built up from the diet of the animal, but because in captivity the animals do not get the same food, they do not get the same nutrition as they would in the wild, hence the cause of disease they normally would not have in the wild. Animals tend to have shorter li fespans in captivity due to the different diet that does not have the nutrition that the animals need to survive. This is seen in giraffes where their shorter lifespan is linked to poor nutritional status and low energy intake, suggesting inadequacies in zoodiets (Mason, 714-721). Also, these animals are entering climates at which they are not meant to live in. Animals that live in Africa are not used to the snow that falls in North America, nor is the polar bears adapted to the heat of Florida. The endothermic animals, the ones who are able regulate their own body temperatures, their bodies are working overtime to be able to survive in the differentclimates. The zookeepers try to keep the enclosures as close to their natural habitats as they possibly can but the factremainsthat the painting on the walls of the enclosure are nothing to the real thing,one can assumethey are not meant to be looking at something that is fake when instead they could be lookingat the real thing in the wi ld. These seem like basic rights and entitlements that are being violated causing an injustice to animals. Radio Station Research Essay Rother, Larry.In Killing a Cove, SidingwithDolphins.The New York Times. The New York16 July 2009.Should Animals Be Held in Captivity?ABC News. ABC News Network, 28 Dec. 2007. Web.29 march. 2017.Society, National Geographic.Zoo.National Geographic Society. National Geographic, 09Oct. 2012. Web. 30 Mar. 2017. McKenna, Erin.American Philosophy: Pets, People, and Pragmatism.New York, US: FordhamUniversity Press, 2013. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 22 March 2017. Gruen, Lori. Ethics and Animals: An Introduction.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,2011, 132-140.Print. Cambridge applied ethics; Cambridge applied ethics McGlynn, Daniel.Whale Hunting.CQ Researcher 29 June 2012: 573-96. Web. 26 Mar. 2017. Prade, Juliane. Not Coming to Terms: Nonhuman Animals and the Edge of Theory. Society ;Animals. 2014.330-51.Print. Clark, Jim, et al.The Cove. Santa Monica, California: Lions Gate Entertainment, 2009. DVD Cowperthwaite, Gabriela, et al.Blackfish. Widescreen. Los Angeles, California: Magnolia HomeEntertainment, 2013. DVD. Sandel, Michael J. Justice: whats the right thing to do?London: Penguin, 2010, 184-207.Print. Nussbaum, Martha Craven.Frontiers of justice: disability, nationality, species membership.India: Oxford U Press, 2007, 492-401. Print.

Emily Dickinson Essay Example For Students

Emily Dickinson Essay Emily Dickinson was born on December 10,1830 in Amherst Massachusetts. She had ayounger sister named Lavina and an olderbrother named Austin. Her mother EmilyNorcross Dickinson, was largely dependenton her family and was seen by Emily as apoor mother. Her father was lawyer,Congressman, and the Treasurer for AmherstCollege. Unlike her mother, Emily loved andadmired her father. Since the family was notemotional, they lived a quiet secure life. Theyrarely shared their problems with one anotherso Emily had plenty of privacy for writing. During her childhood, Emily and her familyattended The First Congregational Church ona regular basis. Emily did not like going tochurch because she didnt think of herself asbeing very religious. She refused to believethat Heaven was a better place than Earthand eventually rebelled from the church. Emily saw herself as a woman who had herown way of thinking, a way of thinkingshaped neither by the church or society. By the time she was twelve, her family movedto a house on Pleasant Street where theylived from 1840 to 1855. Emily was alreadywriting letters, but composed most of herpoetry in this home. Emily only left home toattend Mount Holyoke Female Seminary fortwo semesters. Though her stay there was brief, sheimpressed her teachers with her courage anddirectness. They felt her writing wassensational. At the age of twenty-one, Emily and her familymoved to the Dickinson Homestead on MainStreet. This move proved to be very difficultfor Emily. This was difficult for Emily becauseshe became very attached to her old house,which shaped her writing and personality forfifteen years. They now lived next door to herbrother Austin and his wife Susan and theirdaughter Martha. Emily and Susan becameso close that many people believe they mayhave been lovers. A rumor perpetuated by thefact t hat Emily was known to have writtenmany love letters and poems to Susan. Martha attempted to protect both of theirimages and suppress the rumors. It becamecommon knowledge that Emily had some typeof very strong feelings for Susan. At the age of thirty-one Emily sent some ofher poems to a publisher, Thomas Higginson,from whom she got a very good response anda strong friendship developed. He acted asher mentor but she never seemed to havetaken any of his advice. It became evidentthat she didnt like the idea of having herworks published, she made 40 packets ofabout twenty poems apiece from 814 poems. She placed these in a box along with 333other poems. Emily died on May 5, 1886 at the age of 56. She had planned her own funeral. It was heldat the mansion on Main Street and ended atthe family plot near the house on PleasantStreet. At her request, her casket wascovered with violets and pine boughs, whileshe herself was dressed in a new white gownand had a strand of violets placed about herneck. Before she died, Emily left specificinstructions for her sister and a housemaid,Maggie to destroy all the letters she hadreceived and saved. The box of packets andpoems was found with these letters, but Emilyhad not said anything about destroying them. Her sister Lavina was determined to havethese published, but Susan kept them for twoyears before they were released toHigginson. In 1890 and 1891, some of the poems werepublished. They received a great response,but no more were released until 1955, whenthe rest of her poems were published. .u9ddc3c094cf16b68a3e4f49fdf738aa4 , .u9ddc3c094cf16b68a3e4f49fdf738aa4 .postImageUrl , .u9ddc3c094cf16b68a3e4f49fdf738aa4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9ddc3c094cf16b68a3e4f49fdf738aa4 , .u9ddc3c094cf16b68a3e4f49fdf738aa4:hover , .u9ddc3c094cf16b68a3e4f49fdf738aa4:visited , .u9ddc3c094cf16b68a3e4f49fdf738aa4:active { border:0!important; } .u9ddc3c094cf16b68a3e4f49fdf738aa4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9ddc3c094cf16b68a3e4f49fdf738aa4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9ddc3c094cf16b68a3e4f49fdf738aa4:active , .u9ddc3c094cf16b68a3e4f49fdf738aa4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9ddc3c094cf16b68a3e4f49fdf738aa4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9ddc3c094cf16b68a3e4f49fdf738aa4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9ddc3c094cf16b68a3e4f49fdf738aa4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9ddc3c094cf16b68a3e4f49fdf738aa4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9ddc3c094cf16b68a3e4f49fdf738aa4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9ddc3c094cf16b68a3e4f49fdf738aa4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9ddc3c094cf16b68a3e4f49fdf738aa4 .u9ddc3c094cf16b68a3e4f49fdf738aa4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9ddc3c094cf16b68a3e4f49fdf738aa4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: W.R.1 - Inquiry Activity EssayThough she was not religious many of herpoems do reflect Protestant and Calvinisticviews. She wrote many of her poems on pain,but unlike most Protestants she refused tobelieve that she deserved this pain. Thoughshe is viewed by many as a hermit who spentmuch of her life in isolation, she also isadmired for her style in writing. She choseher words for her poems in a way that allowsthe reader to choose the meaning. Inconclusion, she wrote nearly eighteenhundred poems, most ignoring rhyme andpunctuation. Emilys poems did not have titlesbecause she never wanted them to bepublished. Many of her poems are dark andmysterious but all are true works of art.

Macedonia The Critical Five Years 1945-1950 Essays -

Macedonia: The Critical Five Years: 1945-1950 The critical five years: 1945-1950 Nonetheless the Slavo-Macedonians, with the backing of the newlyformed Tito regime in Yugoslavia, kept up their efforts. Just a few days after the Varkiza agreement, Slavo-Macedonian emigres from Greece formed, in Skopje, an Organisation named NOF (National Liberation Front) and sent armed guerrilla bands back to the border areas of Greek Macedonia. The activities of these bands attracted the criticism of the KKE, since it was in conflict with the terms of the Varkiza agreement and gave the government forces an excuse for applying severe measures to suppress them. However, when the Civil War began in 1946, the Slavo-Macedonians, returned to Greek Macedonia in great numbers and joined the Greek Communist movement, while still retaining their own Organisation, the NOF. To judge from the various collections of documents and memoirs which have been published in Skopje, the Slavo-Macedonians -that is, the part of the Slav-speaking population whose national consciousness was Slav-were fighting what they saw at this time as a national liberation struggle for the Macedonians of the Aegean in order to win their national rights. These rights were none other than the policy which Yugoslavia was officially pursuing at this time and which was intended to incorporate the Macedonian territories of both Greek and Bulgarian Macedonia into the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. In the meantime, and while the outcome of the civil war in Greece still hung in the balance, the Yugoslavs exerted unbearable pressure on their Bulgarian comrades in order to blackmail them into ceding Bulgarian Macedonia to Yugoslavia. In the end, by the Bled accords of 1947 Dimitrov agreed, in return for minor concessions, to acknowledge the inhabitants of Bulgarian Macedonia (Pirin) as Macedonians and to pave the way for the incorporation of the province of Pirin into the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. The incorporation of Greek Macedonia would await the outcome of the civil war. The split between Stalin and Tito, which occurred suddently in the summer of 1948, upset all the Yugoslavian calculations about playing a leading role in the Balkans using the Macedonian question as the central lever. Bulgaria seized the opportunity to release itself from the concessions it had made over the Macedonian question. It repudiated the theory of the 'Macedonian nation' and drove the commissars from Skopje off its territory. It then attempted to exploit the difficulties which the Yugoslavs were facing in order to advance once more the pre-war slogan of an Independent and united Macedonia. This slogan also served to increase the more general political pressure which the Soviet Union was at that time exerting on Tito. The Moscow-Belgrade split, however, also had dramatic repercussions for Greek Macedonia. The leadership of the KKE judged it to be expendient to fall into line with the Soviet Union in attacking Tito and at the same time adopt its new policy towards Macedonia. Thus, by decision of the 5th Plenum of the Central Committee, in January 1949, the KKE revived the old pro-Bulgarian slogan of the independent and united Macedonia in the framework of a future Balkan Communist Federation. This shift of policy had grave consequences for the course of military operations, since the Yugoslavs, in order to protect their own rear, closed the border with Greece, which until that time had been the main channel through which supplies had flowed to the Communist forces in Greece. Some of the NOF supporters fled to Yugoslavian Macedonia, where they settled. Later, when the armed conflict ended in August 1949, the remaining masses of NOF supporters followed the other Greek political refugees into exile in the countries of Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union. The final outcome of those five tragic years was that all the Slavo-Macedonians left Greece. Yugoslavia, faced with the nightmarish prospect of a Soviet invasion, sought support in the West, which opened up the way for the normalisation of relations with Greece and the signing, in 1954, of a tripartite Balkan Pact of defensive alliance, to which Turkey also was a member. The new circumstances led Yugoslavia to drop the territorial demands it had been putting forward and to restrict itself to formal claims for the recognition of 'Macedonian' minorities. These claims

A Look at Constitutional America essays

A Look at Constitutional America essays America was established on foundational principles that ensured its citizens the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. These unassailable rights were established through the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and they are governed today by the U.S. Constitution, a document that has stood the test of time with minor revisions. The U.S. Constitution is the mediator between our branches of federal government, and it ensures our success as a country by protecting citizen's rights. It is my fear that our constitutional delegates have forgotten the importance of the document which supports our nation's unique freedom. They have veered from the course established for us by our founders. Jason Horowitz, writer for the Washington Post, with his article "Reading between the Constitutional lines" confirms my fears of constitutional "unimportance" when he wrote "Suspicious and mocking as Nadler was of the Republicans' motivation for reading aloud what he affectionately characterized as "a long, dry, boring document with details about how Congress will have the power to lay imposts and taxes," he agreed with other constitutional experts, and even the tea party, that there was a little potential benefit.". Horowitz continued to explain that some of our leaders in Congress debate the sovereignty of the Constitution by falsely comparing it with religious documents saying" Liner called the "ritualistic reading" on the floor "total nonsense" and "propaganda" intended to claim the document for Republicans. "You read the Torah, you read the Bible, you build a worship service around it," said liner, who argued that the Founders were not "demigods" and that the document's need for amendments to abolish slavery and other injustices showed it was "highly imperfect." Our legislative branch of government has strayed from our country's foundation and they are abolishing the principles on which it stands. His article concludes by conveyi...

Regional airline management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Regional airline management - Term Paper Example The company chosen for the present study is Great Lakes Airlines which is a US based regional airline company headquartered in the USA. The company began its operations in the year 1977 with flights in Iowa. The company since then has expanded with a present fleet size of 38 aircrafts and covering about 64 destinations across the US.   The company went public on April 1994 and its stocks are presently listed and actively traded on the bourses of the NASDAQ stock exchange (Great Lakes Airlines, n.d.). The company mainly uses the Beechcfart 1900D aircraft that has a capacity of 19 seats. The airline mainly operates in the regional markets of the US (Great Lakes Airlines-a, n.d.). The company focuses on service quality and punctuality to gain strategic competitive advantage in the market. The coming sections would analyse the competitive and growth strategies of the airline towards generating a favourable position in the highly competitive business segment. The cost for available seat mile (CASM) value that shows the net of the operational expenses upon the total seat based miles flown by the airlines. The value of the CASM for Great Lakes Airlines in 2011 is pegged at 32.7 cents that represents a 4.5 percent increase from its corresponding figures last year (Great Lakes Airlines-b, 2011, p.15). A higher value of CASM implies that a firm would be easily able to reach the breakeven point (Kundu, 2010, p.105). In this regard the increase in value over the last year represents a scenario.... The company began its operations in the year 1977 with flights in Iowa. The company since then has expanded with a present fleet size of 38 aircrafts and covering about 64 destinations across the US. The company went public on April 1994 and its stocks are presently listed and actively traded on the bourses of the NASDAQ stock exchange (Great Lakes Airlines, n.d.). The company mainly uses the Beechcfart 1900D aircraft that has a capacity of 19 seats. The airline mainly operates in the regional markets of the US (Great Lakes Airlines-a, n.d.). The company focuses on service quality and punctuality to gain strategic competitive advantage in the market. The coming sections would analyse the competitive and growth strategies of the airline towards generating a favourable position in the highly competitive business segment. Competitiveness Cost Structure Cost for Available Seat Mile The competitive factors for an airline can be analysed from some of the key operational and financial figur es. The cost for available seat mile (CASM) value that shows the net of the operational expenses upon the total seat based miles flown by the airlines. The value of the CASM for Great Lakes Airlines in 2011 is pegged at 32.7 cents that represents a 4.5 percent increase from its corresponding figures last year (Great Lakes Airlines-b, 2011, p.15). A higher value of CASM implies that a firm would be easily able to reach the breakeven point (Kundu, 2010, p.105). In this regard the increase in value over the last year represents a scenario in which the company has fared poorly in the present year that is indicated by the higher figure of CASM. Revenue per Available Seat Mile Another significant factor includes the Revenue per Available Seat

Whether Red Bull should invest in the Formula 1 Racing Championship Thesis

Whether Red Bull should invest in the Formula 1 Racing Championship next year or not - Thesis Example The categorisation of the drink as an energizer holds back in the Thailand culture where the same is known as â€Å"Red Water Buffalo†. Further the brand gains a larger market space owing to the use of strategic marketing activities incorporating the creation of â€Å"buzz words and also through the sponsorship activities for extreme sporting events. The target segments for the brand consist of groups like students and athletes and also bars focusing on energy drinks. The sponsorship activity carried out by Red Bull for extreme sporting events helps the company in building a separate image of itself in the global drinks and beverage market. An estimate made during 2004 reveals that around $600 million have been spent by the company on sponsorship events involving Formula One racing events, sponsoring athletes or other musical and cultural functions. A comparison made with Coca Cola shows that where Coca Cola expended around 9 percent of its marketing revenues on sponsorship e vents, Red Bull happened to expend around 30 percent. (Roll, 2006, p.199). Another estimate obtained during the 2001 period shows that this sponsorship activity of Red Bull in extreme sporting events helped the same to conduct a sale of around 1.6 billion cans worldwide. This figure when compared to the 2000 period reflects a rise in around 80 percent in the company’s sale paradigm (Gelder, 2005, p.248). ... This figure when compared to the 2000 period reflects a rise in around 80 percent in the company’s sale paradigm (Gelder, 2005, p.248). The paper in this connection aims to conduct a research on whether Red Bull should continue investing in the Formula One events by reflecting on the probable advantages or opportunities that it can gain through such activities. Aims and Objectives Aims The main aim of the project is to evaluate the future of investing activities of Red Bull in the large scale sponsorship activities pertaining to extreme sporting events. In that it focuses to understand the potential of previous investment made by the company in this area and the advantages and opportunities gained on that behalf. The project also aims to compare the sponsorship activities of Red Bull to the activities of other companies also investing in sponsorship activities. Further the project also aims to understand the factors and situations evaluated by Red Bull before rendering potenti al investments in such directions. Objectives To understand the different marketing strategies of Red Bull To understand the reasons as to why Red Bull invests in Formula One championship events To evaluate the expenses or the cost the company incurs behind making such potential investments and the revenues that the firm tends to gain on that behalf To evaluate the future considerations as to whether Red Bull should continue investing in the sponsorship activities for Formula One championship for the 2011 period keeping in view the expenditure and the opportunity scenario for the 2010 period To compare the investment activities of the company in the extreme sporting events by drawing in examples